How To Get Clean, Safe Drinking Water In An Emergency

by Kirk S

Everyone agrees that you should have an emergency supply of water. Most experts advise that you should have a minimum water supply for 72 hours and the CDC recommends that you have 1 gallon of water for each person in your family for each day. If you have a family of 4 you will need 12 gallons of water for those 72 hours. This is pretty easy to do with bottled water. Bottled water is pre-packaged and has clear expiration dates so you know that the water is still safe to drink.

Acquiring safe drinking water becomes a little more difficult if you need to abandon your home or if the emergency lasts longer than 72 hours. Each case requires an understanding of water safety, contamination, and treatment.

Choose the right water source

Water from flowing streams and rivers is always preferable to the stagnant water in ponds or lakes. Always try to choose water as close to the water source as possible. In many cases, spring water coming out of the ground will be the safest for drinking. As much as possibly, try to avoid water that is down river from towns and industry. Waste and pollutants often find their way into the water systems. Likewise, water near to agricultural land can be a problem. Fertilisers and pesticides soak into the land, and through rainfall and runoff, will get into the streams and rivers.

Avoid water in marshes and swamps or where algae is growing. Trying to find the cleanest water will make your life much easier. With the being said, there are times when you do not have any choice about the water that is available to you. This is where it is best that you understand the potential contaminants in the water and the technology needed to remove them.

Water pollutants

To make water completely safe to drink, five types of contaminates need to be eliminated:

• Turbidity: visible dirt – sand, silt or mud
• Chemical pollutants: from heavy metals to pesticides – often associated with mining, agriculture and forestry
• Viruses: biological agent that reproduces in the cells that they infect
• Bacteria: single-cell organisms found everywhere. Some of them cause infectious diseases. These include E. Coli, cholera, typhoid, etc.)
• Parasites: waterborne parasites are single-cell organisms (such as protozoa, Cryptosporidium and Giardia) or multi-cell organisms (such as worms) that live in or on other living organisms.

How to purify water

Depending on the level of contamination that you are dealing with, there are a variety of methods you can choose. Water purification technology has advanced quite a bit over the last few years and there are numerous methods for getting rid of the nastiness in contaminated water. Unfortunately, getting clean, safe, good tasting drinking water requires more than one filtration medium. Below are different filtration methods and what they remove.

Boiling

Boiling water for at least one minute will kill or deactivate all viruses, pathogens, bacteria and protozoa. This is an easy way to filter water with no special equipment and you can treat a lot of water at one time so it is good for large groups or families. Boiling does not remove chemical pollutants or clarify turbidity in the water. Boiling also requires a fuel source to burn which is sometimes difficult to come by.

Filtration

A water filter is generally a device that blocks impurities or particles from passing through it. This works through size exclusion where the holes in the filter are so small that the bacteria cannot fit. Most filtration of this kind is called Hollow Fiber.

Adsorption

Adsorption normally refers to a product like activated carbon. There are a few forms of activated carbon (granular, powder, and fiber). The small pores in the carbon increases the surface area of adsorption. Activated carbon is ideal for removing chemicals, metals, and turbidity of water. It also improves the taste of your water and has faster flow rates. Activated Carbon Fiber is a fibrous adsorbent that has 10x higher adsorption than traditional activated carbon and gives you faster flow rates.

UV light purifiers

This method uses UV rays to blast microbes and organisms in the water. This neutralises them and renders them harmless to humans. UV purifiers require a power source (generally batteries) and are potentially fragile, leaving you without filtration.

Filtration Products

LifeStraw

One of the most popular filtration straws on the market. Originally designed as an emergency water treatment method, straws are also well suited for time in the backcountry and are cheap to throw in an emergency pack. The LifeStraw has a hollow fiber membrane filter that cleanses the water as you sip it straight from the source. LifeStraw does not remove viruses and it can only be used directly from the water source.

Hand Pumps

Hand pump filters are common for backpackers and have the ability to filter large amounts of water. Hand pumps are generally reliable and easy to use. Hand pumps have small filter pore sizes so they can remove more particulate, but this reduces the flow rate of water. Most hand pumps are heavy and have multiple pieces that can get lost. Also, very few hand pumps can remove viruses. There are a few lately that have been released on the market that give you complete viruses protection.

Gravity Filters

Gravity filters are a three step process that are great for groups of people at a campsite or have time to set up a semi-permanent installation. Most gravity filters have a large water reservoir that is filled with dirty water. It will have a tube that is connected to the filter medium and another tube attached to the clean water receptacle. Most gravity filters are made of hollow-fiber which allows for fast flow rates. Gravity filters are hassle-free, light-weight and can collapse down to save space. These systems do not protect against viruses and you need quite a bit of water to make the system work.

In-Line Filters

Another very common filter is an in-line filter and most people are aware of the Sawyer Mini. It is one of the lightest filters on the market. It is economical to use and can used with a water reservoir, a collapsible canteen, as a straw and can be threaded onto a water bottle. This type filter will filter up to 100,000 gallons if you continue to backflush it and take care of the filter. The filter is great for a single user, but not very good for larger groups. This type of filter also does not remove viruses and does nothing to remove chemicals and metals.

Chemical Treatment

Chemical water treatment methods, most commonly contain iodine or chlorine dioxide. This is a lightweight option, is good for treating large amounts of water and kills viruses found in the water. The downside is it takes a few hours to treat the water and leaves a negative taste in the water. This treatment does not’t remove the turbidity of water.

A small company out of Utah recently released an adaptable water filter that they believe fixes many of the problems with single use water filters. The MUV Adaptable Water Filter is a multi-stage water filter that can be modified and used based on the water contamination that you are dealing with. Not only does it remove all of the water pollutants covered above, including viruses, but it is also versatile in the way it can be used. You can easily modify the filter to work in a water bottle, as an in-line filter, as a gravity system, as a straw, threaded onto a 28mm soda bottle, and as a pump. The MUV was released on Kickstarter on May 24th and reached its backing goal in just 72 hours. There is still time to back their Kickstarter project and you can see their Kickstarter video below.

http://bit.ly/1TVQ0Vshtf

With the different MUV filter modules you are able to completely control how your water filter works and what it removes. Using the chart above you are able to determine which module is right for you given your current water situation. You can easily combine one or more of the modules to get superior filtration.

MUV can adapt to your lifestyle or your needs. With a few simple adapters you can go from using MUV in a water bottle to a hydration system to a pump. No longer do you need to buy a variety of separate water filters that are incompatible with each other. Now you can easily buy one system that covers 99.9% of all your water filtration needs.

Check out the MUV Adaptable Water Filter and get in on one of the most innovative products to hit the water filter industry in years.

10 shocking reasons why Zika virus fear is another fraudulent medical hoax and vaccine industry funding scam

by Mike Adams, the Health Ranger

(NaturalNews) Think the Zika virus is responsible for all the cases of microcephaly in South America? Think again: There is no reliable scientific evidence linking the two. The developmental deformities are actually caused by exposure to toxic insecticide and larvicide chemicals, not Zika virus.

But because Zika virus fear fits a convenient funding narrative for chemical giants and vaccine manufacturers, it is being played up by the corrupt, criminally-run CDC and the Obama administration to funnel billions of dollars into the hands of vaccine corporations while ignoring the real causes of microcephaly.

Here are the top 10 reasons why the Zika virus fear mongering is a total scam:

#1) The microcephaly cases (shrunken heads) in Brazil were caused by larvicide chemicals, not by zika

A group of doctors from South America are now saying the brain deformations the world is witnessing are caused by the mass fumigation of low-income Brazilian people with a chemical larvicide, not by mosquitoes carrying the Zika virus.

From the doctors at Red Universitaria de Ambiente y Salud (the Red University of Environment and Health):

A dramatic increase of congenital malformations, especially microcephaly in newborns, was detected and quickly linked to the Zika virus by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. However, they fail to recognise that in the area where most sick persons live, a chemical larvicide producing malformations in mosquitoes has been applied for 18 months, and that this poison (pyroproxyfen) is applied by the State on drinking water used by the affected population.

Read more at this Natural News article.

#2) Even according to the CDC, which is aggressively pushing false Zika fear, nearly all Zika infections are harmless, symptomless and require no hospitalization whatsoever

From the CDC's Zika page:

Most people infected with Zika virus won't even know they have the disease because they won't have symptoms... The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting for several days to a week. People usually don't get sick enough to go to the hospital, and they very rarely die of Zika. For this reason, many people might not realize they have been infected... Once a person has been infected, he or she is likely to be protected from future infections.

In other words, Zika infections are no big deal, and nearly everyone self-immunizes against Zika even after they have been infected. So much for the urgent fear for a new vaccine, eh?

#3) The CDC fabricated the science linking Zika to microcephaly

By the way, the CDC is totally fabricating its claim that all cases of microcephaly are caused by Zika virus. This proclamation by the CDC was based on complete fiction, just like everything else the CDC claims about Bird Flu, Swine Flu and even the number of people who die from influenza each year (the CDC claims 35,000, but it's a completely fabricated number).

Remember, the CDC is a criminal organization tied to the financial interests of Big Pharma. It funds researchers like Poul Thorsen who had to flee the country and is now a fugitive from justice. Like all the other fraudsters at the CDC, he worked on vaccine "research" too. From this Natural News report:

CDC researcher Poul Thorsen, who famously headed up the "Denmark Study" that many claim disproved any link between autism and vaccines, has been indicted in Atlanta by a federal grand jury on charges of wire fraud, money laundering and defrauding research institutions of grant money.

Poul Thorson is a scientist who formerly worked for the CDC, and over the last several years, he oversaw millions of dollars in grant money that was used to conduct research to "prove" that vaccines have no link to autism. Dr. Thorson's research papers include the famous "Danish Study" entitled Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949291)

#4) Zika virus fear was just used by Congress to remove bans on other toxic pesticide chemicals that cause cancer and Alzheimer's disease

From this Natural News article:

The House of Representatives voted Tuesday to loosen already weak pesticide regulations in a purported effort to combat the spread of the Zika virus. The latest version of the bill is called the Zika Control Act.

They argue it will remove important protections instated by the Clean Water Act. If the legislation becomes law, pesticide applicators will be allowed to dump pesticides into bodies of water without a permit from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. They will not have to report the contamination, either.

Congresswoman Grace Napolitano (D-Calif.) said that adding more pesticides to water would threaten pregnant women – the same group the GOP claims to be protecting from Zika.

In other words, the Zika virus hype is a conspiracy to legalize the dumping of more toxic chemicals into the environment by powerful chemical companies.

#5) Zika virus hype was also invoked by Obama to funnel another $1.8 billion to the vaccine industry, claiming anyone who opposed the funding "opposed pregnant women"

It always comes down to money, doesn't it? All the Zika hype and fear is being used to take more money from taxpayers and funnel it into the pockets of vaccine / pharma corporations.

From Natural News:

President Obama proposed to Congress that a total of $1.8 billion be dedicated to fighting Zika. This massive investment may be nothing more than tilting at windmills...

#6) Zika virus fear has been used as a weapon of control to terrorize the people of the Americas by violating their private property

Governments in South America are invoking the Zika virus to nullify private property rights. This is totalitarianism via medical hoax!

From this Natural News article:

The latest act of political terrorism on the illusory world stage is yet another alleged disease epidemic – this time the "Zika Virus," which officials are warning (just like they did with Ebola) might turn into a global pandemic. And the martial law pandemonium has already begun in Brazil, where government officials have now declared that they can "legally" break and enter into people's homes and private property, if it's suspected that Zika-harboring mosquitoes might be living there.

Reuters is reporting that Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff has given the official green light to "authorized health officials" to violate personal property rights in order to address the alleged threat, which has been dubbed an "imminent danger to public health." As long as a property is either abandoned or the owners are not present, government officials can literally break in and enter people's homes without warrant or just cause.

#7) Zika is just the latest viral hoax floated by governments... remember the great Bird Flu hoax that sold billions in vaccines?

Spreading fear about viruses is so effective that the governments and health "authorities" of the world roll out the same scam every few years... and people fall for it every time!

Remember the great Swine Flu hoax? Also from Natural News in 2010:

The great swine flu hoax of 2009 is now falling apart at the seams as one country after another unloads hundreds of millions of doses of unused swine flu vaccines. No informed person wants the injection anymore, and the entire fear-based campaign to promote the vaccines has now been exposed as outright quackery and propaganda.

Even doctors are now calling the pandemic a complete hoax. As reported on FoxNews, Dr. Wolfgang Wodarg, a leading health authority in Europe, says that drug companies "organized a 'campaign of panic' to put pressure on the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic. He believes it is 'one of the greatest medicine scandals of the century,' and he has called for an inquiry."

#8) Zika virus fear is being used to justify the release of genetically modified mosquitoes into the wild

Not only does Zika fear allow governments to funnel money to vaccine companies and legalize more chemical insecticides; it also justifies their release of genetically modified mosquitoes into the wild (with unknown future consequences).

It's all part of the total destruction of the ecosystem that has been systematically planned and carried out by the globalists governments of the world.

What you're NOT being told is that the epicenter of the Zika virus spread is precisely where GM mosquitoes were released last year. Via this Natural News article:

Oxitec, a company that calls itself "... a pioneer in controlling insects that spread disease and damage crops," unveiled its GM mosquito farm in Brazil in July 2012. Its goal was to reduce dengue fever, a disease which is spread by the Aedes mosquitoes which also spread the Zika virus. Then, in 2015, these GM mosquitoes were released into the wild in Brazil. In July that same year, the release was declared a success by the company, who noted that they'd been able to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito that spreads dengue fever, chikungunya ... and the Zika virus. However, in October, people in the general area where the mosquitoes were released began to experience illnesses related to the Zika virus at alarmingly fast rates.

#9) Zika fear is being used to justify spraying MORE of the very chemicals that are causing the shrunken heads in the first place, putting even more children at risk

Now that Zika fear is being hyped up by the corrupt, scientifically illiterate mainstream media, most people just stand aside as governments throughout the Americas spray all sorts of toxic, deadly chemicals all over the place.

Now the new mantra for chemical pollution is, "It's for Zika!" and then everybody backs off. It's almost like "playing the Zika card" to justify almost anything.

Right now, the Obama administration could unleash a nuclear holocaust across America and claim, "The radiation is to stop Zika!" and everybody would just go along with it (because they're totally obedient to false authority).

#10) It's the PERFECT MEDICAL SCAM: Spraying more chemicals will cause more deformed babies, resulting in an even greater cry for more vaccines and more chemical spraying... and the cycle repeats

The most shocking realization in all this is that the mass spraying of chemicals, the release of GM mosquitoes, and the use of Zika vaccines will all spread Zika even faster.

It's the perfect medical scam! Zika is spread by the very things that we're all told are trying to stop Zika, and as the problem gets worse, all the chemical spraying and vaccines get ramped up to insane levels, causing even more insane levels of Zika virus.

It's just like flu shots: They spread the flu, causing more influenza outbreaks, panicking more people into getting more flu shots. And the cycle repeats. It's the greatest medical scam of all time: Make sure the treatments CAUSE the problem they claim to prevent!

Why do you think chemotherapy causes cancer? Why do you think antidepressant drugs cause depression? Why do you think flu shots spread the flu?

It's all by design, folks. And Zika is just the latest chapter of this massive quack science scam being carried out as global medical theater to control the masses.

You are all being played, Orwellian style, under the guise of "public health."

French PM: Europe could ‘fall apart within months’

French prime minister Manuel Valls has warned that the EU could die quickly, and be dead within months.

Valls made these comments during a panel discussion with the German finance ministerWolfgang Schäuble at the World Economic Forum in Davos.

In a follow on interview with BBC, Valls reiterated his alert by saying the Schengen Area, the 26 European countries that have abolished passport requirements for mutual travel, may die due to the growing pressure from muslim migration.

Valls also expanded his warnings by saying it wasn’t just the Schengen area, but Europe as a whole that could die.

“If Europe is not capable of protecting its own borders, it’s the very idea of Europe that will be questioned,” Valls said to BBC.

When pushed further, Valls’ clarified his statement, saying “yes the European project [is at threat], not Europe as much. Not our values, but the concept of Europe that our founding fathers had, yes, it is in very grave danger.”

Valls ended by voicing his support for the creation of an EU border guard force, previously referenced by officials as an EU army.

“That’s why you need border guards and controls outside the European Union. Sometimes we had the feeling that borders did not exist. No, borders do exist so you have to protect them,” Valls said.

“Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. 2 Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment.”

– Romans 13:1-2

“They will say, ‘The fruit you longed for is gone from you. All your riches and splendor have vanished, never to be recovered.’ The merchants who sold these things and gained their wealth from her will stand far off, terrified at her torment”
-Revelation 18:10–15

Valls’ sentiments were shared by German Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière, who recently stated that their “temporary” border controls announced early January will be maintained indefinitely.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel, though duplicitous in her actions toward migration, has said that Europe is “vulnerable” and that the fate of the euro is “directly linked” to resolving the migration crisis.

With the European Union’s currency relying heavily on tariff free trade and unity of economic policy, disagreements on immigration and border closing within the Schengen area risk crashing the euro, well before the economic burden of providing exuberant welfare to migrants is felt.

Christian refugees claim ISIS living among migrants in Germany

Christian refugees from Syria claim they saw a former Islamic State member living in Frankfurt, and that this is not an isolated case. Police investigated but refused to file charges because the alleged terrorist has done nothing criminal in Germany.

On his last visit to the Saarland region of Germany, on the border with France, RT’s Peter Oliver met with a group of Assyrian Christians who had been held hostage by Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL).

They recalled that while being held in IS captivity, the only thing they prayed for was to be shot instead of being beheaded.

The same community, now living in the city of Saarlouis, say the horrors of that experience have followed them all the way to Germany, after they found out that a man they say had ties to Islamic State is living among them.

A refugee, who only agreed to speak to RT on condition of anonymity, said he is positive the man living in his town is the same member of IS he encountered in Syria.

“He stopped me many times at the checkpoint near our village; we were even able to find him on Facebook, I go to the web page and there’s this guy again,” the refugee said.

When the man first saw the jihadist in Germany, his reaction was that of panic.

“I was very scared that this terrorist is in a democratic state like Germany just living here,” the refugee told RT, adding that he does not understand how those who kept whole families hostage now have Syrian refugee status in Germany.

The Assyrian community now feels very insecure as “this was not the first case” a former IS member had been recognized, the man said. He added that some people are even considering leaving Germany, but do not know where to run to.

Community leaders say that once they were convinced the ‘refugee’ was in fact a former jihadist, they went straight to the police.

“The police have taken this very seriously, but we worry that the law cannot back this up with a strong case. They have to wait until this person does something criminal here,”

Charlie Kanoun, the chairman of the Assyrian Culture Association, told RT.

“But those people were killers in Syria and fly the ISIS flag here even. Such people should have no place in Germany,”Kanoun said.

Legend Warns Global Stock Market Rout To End In Full-Blown Panic!

On the heels of the Dow plunging more than 500 at one point in the trading day and global markets continuing to get pummeled, today a legend who warned just 8 days ago that the carnage in global markets would continue told King World News that investors should expect to see an acceleration of the global stock market rout that will end in panic.

Eric King:  “Bill, people are wondering if we could see a rebound next week?”

Bill Fleckenstein:  “Of course there can always be a rebound but I don’t think it will carry very far — in the same way that none of the little rally attempts have carried very far that we’ve had in the past eight or nine sessions…

Global Stock Market Rout To End In Panic

Fleckenstein continues:  “So I don’t think the market can rally very well at all and I think there is a much better chance that we will see an acceleration to the downside.

They managed to pull the market back over the August/September lows in the S&P but some of the other indices have already broken through those lows.  So I think there is a better chance of an acceleration of the selling.  And if there is any kind of a bounce I don’t think it will be very meaningful.  I don’t think that the stock market can have any kind of a meaningful bounce until we either get real panic and/or the Fed rides to the rescue.”

Fleckenstein had warned King World News just 8 days ago that there would be more carnage in global markets (see below).

Eric King:  “The fantasy is coming to an end but this day had to come, right?”

Bill Fleckenstein:  “You’re right, it had to come to an end.  One of the hardest things for people who aren’t investment professionals and even for many investment professionals to understand is how something (an investment strategy) that is so clearly destined to work can sort of lie there and not respond and not do what you think it ought to do for as long as this insanity has gone on.

What I’m particularly referring to there is how well and how long the stock market managed to levitate on the back of not much more than outright monetization.

The Gigantic Suspension Of Disbelief

The first couple of years after 2008 there was a snapback after they stopped the carnage with all the programs and government bailouts and money printing.  But from 2011 on, when QE3 started, that’s when we really had a gigantic suspension of disbelief.  That’s when the vast majority of people really concluded, ‘Gee, these guys really know what they are doing and it’s going to work this time.’  They didn’t stop to think that it was these very same policies that got us into this mess and all we do is keep pursuing the same strategy in a bigger and bolder fashion.

But nonetheless, it’s taken quite some time for the ultimate failure of this fantasy to start to unfold.  Now, it’s not the 25 basis points that is breaking the market.  They stopped QE 14 months ago and the market kind of went sideways.  So the top took about a year to produce on the major averages, but beneath the surface lots of stocks have been weak.

This Has Been A Long Time Coming…
The economic data has been pretty damn poor considering rates have been zero for 7 years and we monetized $3 trillion here in the United States and the same thing is going on in most of the G7 countries.  So the economic recovery has been nothing and this has been a long time coming.

But China Is Being Blamed For The Panic

You couldn’t predict when the market break was going to occur but we kind of got some hints of that last year and the way the market has broken in January.  Now, people here want to blame this market break on the North Korean hydrogen bomb or the Chinese devaluation and their stock market plunge.  But China’s got a misallocated capital and debt problem — that’s we have and that’s what the whole world has.  China has a different variation than we do and in some ways they are better than us — in some ways they are worse than us.

This isn’t about China.  China is getting blamed because it’s the spark, right?  But meanwhile you see that credit spreads are widening, junk bonds have collapsed, the oil patch is a wreck.  What do you think is happening to all these insurance companies and pension plans that reached for yield in different credits?  And what about the poor bastards from the public who felt they had no choice and felt they had to reach for yield and buy stocks?

The bottom line is that this misallocation of capital has gone on for so long that people look at individuals like Jim Grant, Fred Hickey, or even me, and people would laugh at us.  I’ve gotten quite a volume of hate mail where people say, ‘You’re an idiot.  Why do you keep saying this stuff?’  Well, you don’t know how long it will take for the chickens to come home to roost, you just know they are going to have to.

There Is No Saving This Market – QE4 Is Coming

So we’re at that moment now, and it’s liable to get quite a bit worse because there is no saving the market.  The numbers have been bad, the speculation has been high, and the world economy is getting worse, but the Fed can’t come to the rescue until global stock markets break and break hard.  Then we’ll have QE4 and in that phase we will have to see how well the Fed is believed, what they do, and what we think the ramifications will have to be at that time.

The Carnage Will Play Out Faster Than People Think

There’s no guarantee that people are going to believe the central banks because in 2008 they didn’t believe them all year, and in 2001 – 2002 they didn’t believe them.  Right now they still seem to have total confidence.  So the stock market has been an accident waiting to happen and now the accident is happening, and the carnage is going to play out much quicker than people think.

Having said that, this is going to be a two-step trade, right?  The first is going to be the big break in the stock market.  Then the Fed is going to do what it’s going to do, and then you’ve got to see what you want to do next.

As It Pertains To Gold And Silver…

As it pertains to the precious metals (phase two of the trade), they have been hated and avoided because nobody thinks they need them when the central banks are in control.  So they are basically the flip-side of the confidence trade that’s driven stocks to the moon.

It’s no coincidence that as the market has broken badly at a time of the year when it’s not supposed to, suddenly gold has started to move higher.  And what will happen is gold will start to go up and it will finally catch a bid and start behaving better.

Gold will start to trade higher once again on news that used to make it surge and people will come out of the woodwork and try to own it and there will be a gigantic scramble.  Has that process started?  Most likely it has.  It’s also worth noting that some of the miners are finally acting better.

So we are going to see both sides of the trade start to play out at the same time, but they are all different expressions of the same thing.  Gold is a way for people to say, ‘These policies are crazy.  I know what central banks are going to do and I can own this  in order to protect my capital and make money.  The stock market only went up because people believed in these idiots and that trade and that belief are now coming to an end.’

So people can express their doubt in what central banks can do by being short stocks or being long gold.  I’ve currently got both sides of that trade on.  Anyway, I think that’s the longest answer I’ve given to a short question in my career.”